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186 EXPLORING THE BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN HEALTH Alkayed, N. J., S. J. Murphy, R. J. Traystman, P. D. Hurn, and V.M. Miller. 2000. Neuro- protective effects of female gonadal steroids in reproductively senescent female rats. Stroke 31:161-168. Aloisi, A. A. 2000. Sensory effects of gonadal hormones, pp. 7-24. In: Sex, Gender, and Pain. R. B. Fillingim, ed. Seattle: IASP Press. American Journal of Medicine. 1993. Consensus Development Conference: diagnosis, prophy- laxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. American Journal of Medicine 94:646-650. Amir, R. E., I. B. Van den Veyver, M. Wan, C. Q. Tran, U. Francke, and H. Y. Zoghbi. 1999. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG- binding protein 2. Nature Genetics 23:185-188. Ammon, E., C. Schafer, U. Hofmann, and U. Klotz. 1996. Disposition and first-pass metabo- lism of ethanol in humans: is it gastric or hepatic and does it depend on gender? Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 59:503-513. Andersen, S. L., and M. H. Teicher. 2000. Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24:137-141. Andersson, A. M., A. Juul, J. H. Petersen, J. Muller, N. P. Groome, and N. E. Skakkebaek. 1997. Serum inhibin B in healthy pubertal and adolescent boys: relation to age, stage of puberty, and follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone and es- tradiol levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82:3976-3981. Anton, A. H. 1960. The relationship between the binding of sulfonamides to albumin and their antibacterial efficacy. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 129:282- 290. Arato, M., E. Frecska, D. J. Maccrimmon, R. Guscott, B. Saxena, K. Tekes, and L. Tothfalusi. 1991. Serotonergic interhemispheric asymmetry: neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG evidence. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 15:759-764. Arnold, A. P., and S. M. Breedlove. 1985. Organizational and activational effects of sex hormones on vertebrate brain and behavior: a re-analysis. Hormones and Behavior 19:469-498. Arnold, K. 2000. Journal to encourage analysis by sex/ethnicity. Journal of the National Can- cer Institute 92:1561. Artlett, C. M., J. B. Smith, and S. A. Jimenez. 1998. Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women with systemic sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 338:1186-1191. Atabani, S., G. Landucci, M. W. Steward, H. Whittle, J.G. Tilles, and D.N. Forthal. 2000. Sex- associated differences in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibody re- sponse to measles vaccine. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7:111-113. Ayanian, J. Z., and A. M. Epstein. 1991. Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 325:221-225. Bachevalier, J., and C. Hagger. 1991. Sex differences in the development of learning abilities in primates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16:177-188. Balomenos, D., J. Martin-Caballero, M. I. Garcia, I. Prieto, J. M. Flores, M. Serrano, and A. C. Martinez. 2000. The cell cycle inhibitor p21 controls T-cell proliferation and sex-linked lupus development. Nature Medicine 6:171-176. Bardhan, K. D., G. Bodemar, H. Geldof, E. Schutz, A. Heath, J. G. Mills, and L. A. Jacques. 2000. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study to evaluate the efficacy of alosetron in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Phar- macology and Therapeutics 14:23-34. Barker, D. J. 1995. The Wellcome Foundation Lecture, 1994. The fetal origins of adult dis- ease. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B.: Biological Sciences 262:37-43. Barker, D. J. 1997. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in later life. British Medical Bulletin 53:96-108.

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It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus.

Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society).

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research.

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

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