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Index
A
Acetylsalicylic acid, 74
Adipose tissue/fat, 66, 72, 124, 131-139
(passim)
obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 159
Adolescence, see Puberty
Adrenal gland, 54, 68-70, 128
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 90-93
immune response, 145
obesity, 136
Adulthood, 72-77
androgen, 72, 73
autoimmunity, 153, 157
calcium requirements, 139
energy requirements, 132
menopause, 72-73, 98-99, 102-103, 136,
139, 140
coronary heart disease, 162, 163, 164
melanoma, 130, 140-142
osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140
pain perception, 108
African Americans, 65-66, 128, 134, 135
coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163,
165, 170
Age factors, 231, 237
see also Adulthood; Developmental
factors; Early childhood
development; Menopause;
Puberty
255
coronary heart disease, 158, 159, 160-
162,164,167,168,171,172
Food and drug Administration, drug
applications, 175
gastric processes, 121, 122
immune response, 153-154, 155
infancy, 64, 70
melanoma, 141
Agenda for Research on Women's Health for
the 21st Century, 15, 229, 231
AIDS, 147, 148
Alcohol, 124, 128, 140
Alosetron, 129
Alzheimer's disease, 238
American Indians, 135
American Medical Association Manual of
Style, 17-18
Analgesics, 105-109, 110
Androgen, 178-179, 231, 234
adulthood, 72, 73
andropause, bone effects, 73
behavioral effects, 80, 90-94
brain development, 93-94
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 90-
93
deficiency, 73
idiopathic hypogonadotropic
hydropogonadism, 91
immune response, 144
prenatal, 52, 55, 60, 89, 90-94
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256
psychosexual differentiation, 80
puberty, 63, 68-69
Animal models, 5, 6, 8, 14-15, 16, 181
behavioral factors, 92-93, 95, 96
brain, 81, 82-83, 109, 111, 112-114
cerebrovascular and cardiovascular
diseases, 112-115
cognitive abilities, 95, 99
developmental biology, 45, 48, 51, 54,
55, 59, 78
ethical/regulatory issues, 6, 78, 181
immune response, 147, 148, 149, 152,
154-159
pain, 109, 111
pregnancy/prenatal period, 48
psychosexual differentiation, 80-81
sex and gender, use of terminology,
175, 176
sex determination/differentiation, 46,
4748, 51, 54, 59, 80-81
transgenic, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114, 154,
156-159
Antigens, 34, 146, 149, 155, 157, 239 Biotechnology
Antimullerian hormone, 54, 55-56, 60 cloning, 43
Aromatase, 63, 68
Arthritis, 23, 106, 123, 146, 150-154 (passim)
Articulatory skills, 87-88
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
128
Attitudes
coronary heart disease, 169
discrimination, 9-10, 11, 24-25, 168, 183-
184
Autoimmune diseases, 20, 142-143, 147-159
see specific diseases
defined, 142, 149-150, 239
Autosomes, 31, 35, 40, 42, 56
defined, 239
sex determination, 50, 51, 54
B
Bacterial infections, 148
mycobacteria, 148-149
Behavioral factors, ix, 2, 6, 14, 15, 20, 28, 41,
79-84, 115-116
see also Sociological factors
alcohol intake, 124, 128, 140
androgen, 80, 90-94
animal models, 92-93, 95, 96
environmental factors and, 79, 80, 94-95,
124, 128, 140
INDEX
estrogen, 94
gender identity, 6, 18
genetic factors, 79-116
health-related behaviors, 75, 77, 84, 124,
128, 134, 139, 140
hormones, 79-81, 89-97
obesity, 134
osteoporosis, 139
pregnancy/prenatal period, 79-80, 89-90
puberty, 45, 70-72
sleep, 144, 236
smoking, 140, 143, 162-163, 236
stress, 75, 77, 107, 145, 161, 165
testosterone, 93
toxins, exposure to, 143
Bioavailability, 118, 239
Biochemistry, 28, 29, 37, 179
see also Calcium; Cholesterol; Enzymatic
processes; Gonadotropin;
Hormonal processes; Molecular
biology; Proteins; Serotonin;
Toxic agents
transgenic animals, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82,
114, 154, 156-159
Biotransformation, 118, 119, 125
defined, 239
Birth weight, 49, 70
Black persons, see African Americans
Blood pressure, see Hypertension
Body composition, 124, 130, 131-139
adipose tissue/fat, 66, 72, 124, 131-139
(passim)
Body size, 130, 132, 134, 135, 138
height, 20-21, 132, 133
obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159
osteoporosis, 139
Body weight, 18, 49, 72, 132, 137-138, 239
coronary heart disease, 159, 162
birth weight, 49, 70
bone, 131
drug metabolism, 124
muscle mass, 72
obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159
osteoporosis, 139, 140
pregnancy, 131
Bone, 178, 231
andropause, 73
menopause, 72, 73
osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140
pubertal growth spurt, 68
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INDEX
skeletal dysplasia, 54
weight of, 131
Bowels and bowel diseases, 106, 112, 121,
129, 150, 236
Brain, 6-7, 11, 23, 81-83, 96,102-104,115-
116, 130
see also Cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular diseases;
Cognitive factors
adulthood, 72
Alzheimer's disease, 238
androgen, 93-94
animal models, 81, 82-83, 109, 111, 112-
114
cerebellum, 82, 111
hippocampus, 82, 111
hormonal processes, 81-83, 92, 96, 97,
102-104, 112-115
hypothalamus, 62, 64-65, 72, 82-83,145
imaging studies, 102-103,111
neurons, 81-83, 99,107,108,113
pain, 111
psychosexual differentiation, 80
puberty, 71
synapses, 81, 83
testosterone, 82
Breasts, 66, 79
cancer, 180
lactation, 139
menopause, 72
Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral,
and Clinical Sciences, 182
C
Calcium, 73, 139
see also Osteoporosis
Cancer, 19, 75,118,119
breast, 180
melanoma, 130, 140-142
National Cancer Institute, 177-178
Cardiovascular disease, see
Cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular diseases
Caucasians, 65-66, 135
coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163,
165-166, 170
osteoporosis, 138
Cell cultures, 38
Cellular biology, ix, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13,
14-15, 16, 21, 28-44, 96, 178-179
see also Genetics; Genomics
257
immune response, 143,144,145,149,
153, 178-179
leukocytes, 114,144,146, 152
Leydig cells, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68
meiosis, 28, 34, 4142, 46, 56, 241
mitosis, 37, 241
mosaicism, 36, 37, 3940
neurons, 81-83, 99,107,108,113
psychosexual differentiation, 80-81
puberty, 64
Sertoli cells, 51, 52, 56, 60
somatic cells, 4, 31, 37, 38, 44
stem cells, 41, 56
testicular organogenesis, 34, 35, 55-56
Central nervous system, 81-82
see also Brain
multiple sclerosis, 20, 152
pain perception, 107
Cerebellum, 82, 111
Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular
diseases, 19-20, 23, 49, 70, 74-75,
128-129, 158-172, 178-179, 231
age factors, 158,159,160-162,164,167,
168, 171, 172
animal models, 112-115
body weight, 159, 162
Chagas's disease, 148,149
diabetes and, 159,166-167,168
drugs, 158,170, 171
environmental factors, 159-160,170,171
estrogen, 107-108,114,164,165, 166
genetic factors, 158,159,170,171
hormones, 114,164,165,166,170, 171,
238
hypertension, 49, 70, 72, 74, 160, 162,
165-166
infectious diseases and, 159,170,171
longitudinal studies, 161-162
menopause, 72, 73,162,163,164
nutrition, 161, 170
pregnancy/prenatal period, 158, 161,
166, 167, 171
race/ethnicity, 161,162,163, 165-166,
170
smoking, 162-163
stress, 161, 165
treatment of, 168-170
Chagas's disease, 148,149
Chemical processes, see Biochemistry; Toxic
agents
Cholesterol, 49, 114, 145, 158-165 (passim),
237
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258
Chorionic gonadrotropin-luteinizing
hormone (LH), 56, 58, 64, 65, 68
Cigarette smoking, see Smoking
Clinical studies, 24-25, 26
analgesics, 108
drugs, other, 127, 130
Cloacal exostrophy, 63, 84
Cloning, 43
Collaborative research, see Interdisciplinary
research
Cognitive factors, 6, 41, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85-
104
see also Brain
animal models, 95, 99
dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102
hormonal effects on, 79-82, 96-104
language, 19, 71
dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102
reading ability, 99-104
memory, 87, 95, 99, 104
menstrual cycle, 97-98
pregnancy/prenatal period, 79
puberty, 71
quantitative abilities, 86, 88-89, 104
spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 90-93
Coronary heart disease, see
Cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular diseases
Cost factors
brain research, 115
funding, 8, 79
Creatinine, 126
Cultural factors, 80, 84
infectious diseases, 147
Cytochromes P450, 108, 125
D
Definitional issues
autoimmunity, 142, 149-150, 239
biology, 13(n.1), 17
glossary, 239-242
obesity, 133-134
pharmaceutical terminology, 118, 242
sex and gender, 7-8, 10, 11, 13(n.2), 17-
19, 173, 174-176, 231, 240, 242
sex determination and differentiation,
50
Dehydroepiandrosterone, 68-69, 70
Dental asymmetry, 48
INDEX
Department of Health and Human
Services, 14(n.3~. 24, 25
Depression, 80, 130
immune response, 145
Developmental factors, ix, 1-2, 14, 15, 45-78,
96-97
see also Adulthood; Age factors; Early
childhood development;
Menopause; Pregnancy/prenatal
period; Puberty; Secondary sex
characteristics
animal models, 45, 48, 51, 54, 55, 59, 78
infancy, 64, 70
Diabetes mellitus, 70, 122, 166-167
coronary heart disease and, 159, 166-
167, 168
obesity and, 132-133
Digestion, 120-122, 136
Discrimination based on sex/gender, 9-10,
11, 24-25, 168, 183-184
Diseases and disorders, xix, 2, 34, 6, 7, 10,
14, 16, 40, 44, 117-172, 183
see also Cancer; Cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular diseases;
Infectious diseases; Mental
illness; Pharmaceuticals
AIDS, 147, 148
Alzheimer's disease, 238
arthritis, 23, 106, 123, 146, 150-154
(passim)
autoimmune diseases, 20, 142-143, 147-
159, 239; see also specific diseases
infra and supra
body composition and, 130
bowel, 106, 112, 121, 129, 150, 236
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63, 90-
93
defined, 240
dental asymmetry, 48
diabetes, 4849
dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102
dyslipidemia, 70
dysmenorrhea, 111-112
fibromyalgia, 72, 112
filariasis, 149
fungal, 148-149
gonadal dysgenesis, 54
hepatitis, 146
herpes, 147, 148
idiopathic hypogonadotropic
hydropogonadism, 91
life expectancy, 7, 74-75, 76
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INDEX
lupus, 22, 106, 149-159 (passim)
Lyme disease, 148, 151, 152
malaria, 149
measles, 146, 148
meningitis, 146
menopause-related, 72-73
multiple sclerosis, 20
mutations and, 32-33
obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159
osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140
pain, 23, 46, 74, 79, 105-112
parasitic diseases, 148-149
pertussis, 146
polycystic ovary syndrome, 70
preeclampsia, 166
pregnancy/prenatal environment, 48-
49, 79-80
coronary heart disease, 158, 161, 166,
167, 171
rheumatic diseases, 106, 123, 142, 148,
150-154 (passim)
scleroderma, 147, 151
sex determination/differentiation, 54,
63, 83-84, 115
spine bifida, 49
trypanosomiasis, 149
Turner syndrome, 63
X-chromosome inactivation, 39
X-chromosome-linked, 28
DNA, 34, 41
arrays, 32
defined, 240
genomics, 29-35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 240
sex determination and differentiation,
51
transgenics, 43
Dopamine, 82, 128, 233, 238
Dose-response, 118, 119
defined, 240
Drug metabolism, 118, 119, 124, 125, 242
Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals
Dyslexia, 71, 100, 101-102
Dyslipidemia, 70
Dysmenorrhea, 111-112
E
Early childhood development, 50-62, 64-65,
77, 94-95
see also Pregnancy/prenatal period;
Puberty
body composition, 131
259
brain, 81
calcium requirements, 139
energy requirements, 132
environmental and genetic factors, 50
infancy, 64, 70
Economic factors, xx, 2, 3, 15
cost of brain research, 115
funding, 8, 79
socioeconomic status, 16
Education, see Public education
Educational attainment, obesity, 135
Embryos, 22, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 55, 96
Endocrine system, see Hormonal processes
Energy storage and metabolism, 7, 117,
118, 120, 130, 131-132, 134, 136,
137, 170
Environmental factors, ix, 3, 6, 14, 20, 46,
117, 174
see also Behavioral factors; Nutrition;
Physical activity; Sociological
factors; Toxic agents
autoimmunity, 150-151
behavioral effects, 79, 80, 94-95, 124,
128, 140
cognitive effects, 79
coronary heart disease, 159-160, 170,
171
early development, 50
height, 21
immune response, 143, 150-151, 155
obesity, 134
osteoporosis, 140
prenatal, 45, 48, 49, 70
sex and gender defined, 18
sex determination and differentiation,
50
toxic agents, xix, 3, 7, 23, 150-151, 159,
170
Enzymatic processes, 62, 176, 233-238
adulthood, 72
coronary heart disease, 165-166
genomics, 31
pain perception, 108
Epidemiology, 15, 182
see also Longitudinal studies
coronary heart disease, 161-162
obesity, 134, 135
reading disabilities, 101
Estradiol
pregnancy, 146
psychosexual differentiation, 81
puberty, 65, 67-68
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260
Estriol, 126, 146
Estrogen, 31, 54, 72, 73, 82-83, 93, 94, 97, 98,
99, 140, 235
behavioral effects, 94
brain effects, 82-83, 113-115
cardiovascular effects, 107-108, 114, 164,
165, 166
cognitive effects, 97, 98-104
diabetes, 166
dopamine binding, 238
immune response, 145, 152, 157
osteoporosis, 140
pain perception, 107-108
puberty, 64, 65, 68, 71, 72
replacement therapy, 73, 103, 152, 157,
165
Ethical issues, xx, 2, 3, 7, 15, 172, 181
animal studies, 6, 78, 181
clinical studies, 24
discrimination, 9-10, 11, 24-25, 168, 183-
184
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
Exercise, see Physical activity
F
Family planning, 16
Family relations, 71
parental factors, 2-3, 16
Fat/adipose tissue, 66, 72, 124, 131-139
(passim)
obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137, 139, 159
Federal government
see also Regulatory issues
Department of Health and Human
Services, 14(n.3), 24, 25
Food and Drug Administration, 25-26,
129-130, 175
General Accounting Office (GAO), 25,
26,175,177,178
National Cancer Institute, 177-178
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 15-
16, 25, 26, 127-128, 175, 177, 182,
183-184
Fertility, 34, 64
menarche, 65-66, 70
menopause, 72-73, 98-99, 102-103, 136,
139, 140
cerebrovascular and coronary
disease, 72, 73, 162, 163, 164
pain and reproductive status, 105
Fibromyalgia, 72, 112
INDEX
Filariasis, 149
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 58, 64,
65, 68, 70
Food and Drug Administration, 25-26, 129-
130, 175
Foreign countries, see Life expectancy
Funding, 8, 78
Fungi, 148-149
G
Gastrointestinal tract, 120-122, 136
Gender, defined, 7-8, 10, 11, 13(n.2), 17-19,
173, 174-176, 231, 240, 242
Gender identity, 6, 7, 8, 13(n.2), 15, 17-18,
79, 83-84, 90-91, 92-93, 94, 95, 97,
174-176
General Accounting Office (GAO), 25, 26,
175, 177, 178
Genetics, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 21, 22, 2846, 183
see also Sex determination and
differentiation
autosomes, 31, 35, 40, 42, 50, 51, 54, 56,
239
behavior and, 79-116
brain, 82
coronary heart disease, 158, 159, 170,
171
definitions, 240
early development, 50
gender identity, 83, 84
hemizygosity, 40
immune response, 143, 144, 153, 155
imprinting, 28, 40, 44
melanoma, 140-141
mosaicism, 36-40 (passim), 44, 240, 242
mutations, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51
pubertal growth spurt, 68
transgenics, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114,
154, 156-159
osteoporosis, 140
pain perception, 106-107
protein encoding, 29, 35
pseudoautosomal region, 33, 34, 35, 42
sex and gender defined, 17-18
SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57
transgenic techniques, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82,
114, 154, 156-159
X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33,
36, 37-39, 44
Genomics, 29-35, 39, 40, 43, 44
defined, 240
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INDEX
Germ cells, 4142, 44, 55, 56, 58
oocytes and ova, 37, 40, 41, 42, 47, 55
spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41,
42
Gonadotropin, 54, 58, 62, 64, 65, 66, 91
Government role, see Federal government
Growth
see also Body size
fetal, 70
height, 20-21, 132, 133
hormones, 66-67, 139, 238
osteoporosis, 139
pregnancy/prenatal environment, 49
pubertal growth spurt, 62, 66, 67-68, 69
race/ethnicity and, 66
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals, 6, 78
H
Headache, 106, 112
Health factors, 16, 20, 117-172
behavioral, 75, 77, 84, 124, 128, 134, 139,
140
discrimination based on sex/gender, 9-
10, 11, 24-25, 168, 183-184
life expectancy, 7, 74-75, 76, 183
see also Diseases and disorders; Life
expectancy; Pain; Toxic agents
Heart disease, see Cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular diseases
Height, 20-21, 132, 133
Hemizygosity, 40
Hepatic system, 72, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126,
142
Hepatitis, 146
Herpes, 147, 148
Hippocampus, 82, 111
Hispanics, 135
Historical perspectives, 1, 21-22
clinical studies, 24
discrimination, 9-10, 24
life expectancy, 7, 74-75, 76, 183
sex and gender defined, 7, 174-175
HIV, see AIDS
Hormonal processes, 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 20, 32,
46,47,72-73,75,173,178,181,
231
see also Adrenal gland; Androgen;
Estrogen; Testosterone
antimullerian hormone, 54, 55-56, 60
behavioral effects, 79-81, 89-97
261
body composition, 131
brain, 81-83, 92, 96, 97, 102-104, 112-115
cardiovascular effects, 114, 164, 165,
166, 170, 171, 238
chorionic gonadrotropin-luteinizing
hormone (LH), 56, 58, 64, 65, 68
cognitive effects, 79-82, 96-104
defined, 241
estradiol, 65, 67-68, 81, 146
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 58,
64,65,68,70
gender identity, 18, 90-91
gene expression, 29-32 (passim), 44
growth, 66-67, 139, 238
hormone treatment, 16, 73, 103, 152,
157, 165
hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-
releasing hormone (LHRH), 64-
65
immune response, 143, 144-145, 152,
155, 156-159
insulin, 67, 70, 238
leptin, 66-67, 137
melanoma, 141
menopause, 72-73; see also "hormone
treatment" supra
obesity, 136, 137
osteoporosis, 130, 139, 140
pain, 107-108, 109
pituitary, 59, 62, 64, 145
pregnancy/prenatal period, 48, 49, 50,
51, 52, 54, 55-56, 58-59, 60, 79-80,
89-95, 146, 152
progesterone, 113-114, 121-122, 136, 235
progestins, 72
prostate gland, 62
psychosexual differentiation, 80-81
puberty, 45, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66-71, 72
sex determination/differentiation, 50,
51, 54, 55-59
social factors, 93
steroids,
pain, 107-108
prenatal period, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-
59
stress, 75, 77
testes, organogenesis, 55-56
thyroid gland, 22, 123, 140, 142, 149,
150, 154-155, 156-157, 158
Hyperactivity disorder, 128
Hypertension, 49, 70, 72, 74, 160, 162, 165-
166
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262
Hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-
releasing hormone (LHRH), 64-
65
Hypothalamus, 62, 64-65, 82-83
immune response, 145
menopause, 72
I
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic
hydropogonadism, 91
Imaging technology, brain, 102-103, 111
Immune system, 15, 22-23, 142, 143-147
see also Infectious diseases
age factors, 153-154, 155, 157
androgen, 144
animal models, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154-
159
antigens, 34, 146, 149, 155, 157, 239
autoimmune diseases, 20, 142-143, 147-
159, 239
cellular processes, 143, 144, 145, 149,
153, 178-179
definitions, 239, 241
environmental factors, 143, 150-151, 155
estrogen, 145, 152, 157
genetic factors, 143, 144, 153, 155
hormones, 143, 144-145, 152, 155, 156-159
inflammation, 142, 143, 144, 152
leukocytes, 114, 144, 146, 152
melanoma, 141
menstrual cycle, 143, 144-145
pregnancy, 143, 144, 147, 152
social factors, 143, 144
Immunization, 23, 145-146, 148, 154-155
Infancy, 64, 70
Infectious diseases, 46, 142-149
coronary heart disease and, 159, 170,
171
cultural factors, 147
defined, 241
immunization, 23, 145-146, 148, 154-155
Inflammation, 142, 143, 144, 152
Influenza, 146
In Her Lifetime: Female Morbidity and
Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, 16
In Her Own Right: The Institute of Medicine's
Guide to Women's Health Issues, 16
Insulin, 67, 70, 238
Interdisciplinary research, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15,
173, 175-176, 177, 181-183
committee approach, ix, 2
INDEX
International perspectives
coronary heart disease, 161-162, 166
life expectancy, 76
World Health Organization, 18
K
Kidney, see Renal system
L
Lactation, 139
Language factors, 19, 86-87, 97, 98, 99-104
puberty, 71
reading abilities, 71, 99-104
Legislation
see also Regulatory issues
National Institutes of Health
Revitalization Act, 25
Leprosy, 148, 149
Leptin, 66-67, 137
Leukocytes, 114, 144, 146, 152
Leydig cells, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68
Life expectancy, 7, 74-75, 76, 183
Lipoproteins, 114, 123-124, 136, 160, 162,
163, 164, 178, 238
Liver, see Hepatic system
Longitudinal studies, 7-8, 9, 10, 11, 127,
176, 180
coronary heart disease, 161-162
Lupus, 22, 106, 149-159 (passim)
Lyme disease, 148, 151, 152
M
Malaria, 149
Mathematical abilities, see Quantitative
abilities
Measles, 146, 148
Meiosis, 28, 34, 4142, 46
defined, 241
testicular organogenesis, 56
Melanoma, 130, 140-142
Memory, 87, 95, 99, 104
Meningitis, 146
Menstrual cycle, 115, 120, 128, 180, 235
calcium requirements, 139
cognitive effects, 97-98
dysmenorrhea, 111-112
food intake, 131
hypertension, 165
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INDEX
immune response, 143, 144-145
menarche, 65-66, 70
menopause, 72-73, 98-99, 102-103, 136,
139, 140
cerebrovascular and coronary
disease, 72, 73, 162, 163, 164
pain, 109-112
toxins, exposure to, 142-143
Mental illness, 84
see also Stress
depression, 80, 130, 145
hyperactivity disorder, 128
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 237
posttraumatic stress disorder, 130
Metabolic processes, 7, 131-133, 231, 234,
237
see also Diabetes mellitus, Enzymatic
processes
carcinogens, 119
drugs, 118, 119, 124, 125, 242
energy storage and, 7, 117, 118, 120, 130,
131-132, 134, 136, 137, 170
obesity, 134, 136
pregnancy/prenatal environment, 49
X-chromosome inactivation, 38
Military personnel, 137-138
Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity
Mitosis, 37, 241
Molecular biology, 1, 4, 13, 15, 21, 179
see also Enzymatic processes; Genetics;
Genomics; Hormonal processes;
Proteins
coronary heart disease, 171
infection and inflammation, 143
osteoporosis, 130
Mosaicism, 36-40 (passim), 44
defined, 240, 242
Motor skills, 86, 87-88, 128
Mullerian ducts, 55, 60, 61, 62
Multidisciplinary research, see
Interdisciplinary research
Multiple sclerosis, 20, 152
Mumps, 146
Muscle, 126, 128(n.1), 131, 134, 137, 231
mass, 72
pain, 106, 110, 111
Mutation, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51
pubertal growth spurt, 68
transgenics, 43, 51
Mycobacteria, 148-149
263
N
National Cancer Institute, 177-178
National Health and Nutrition
Examination survey, 162
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 15-16,
25, 26, 127-128, 175, 177, 182, 183-
184
National Institutes of Health Revitalization
Act, 25
Native Americans, see American Indians
Neurological factors, 15, 127, 128
see also Brain; Central nervous system;
Pain
Neurons, 81-83, 99, 107, 108, 113
Nitric oxide, 82
Nociception, 105-108
Nuremberg Code of Ethics, 24
Nutrition
see also Body weight; Obesity
coronary heart disease, 161, 170
energy storage and metabolism, 7, 117,
118, 120, 130, 131-132, 134, 136,
137, 170
height, 21
menstrual cycle, 131
pain perception and, 107
pregnancy/prenatal environment, 49,
70
o
Obesity, 21, 49, 70, 132-137
coronary heart disease, 159
diabetes, 132-133
osteoporosis, 139
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 237
Oocytes and ova, 37, 40, 41, 42, 55
animal models, sex determination/
differentiation, 47
Opioids, 109
Osteoporosis, 20, 73, 130, 138-140
Ovaries
menopause, 72, 98
polycystic ovary syndrome, 70
prenatal development, 51, 54, 55, 58-59
puberty, 68, 70
Oxytocin, 75
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p
Pain, 23, 46, 74, 79, 105-112
analgesics, 105-109, 110
animal models, 109, 111
estrogen, 107-108
headache, 106, 112
Parasitic diseases, 148-149
Parental factors, 2-3,16
Perception, 79, 86
see also Pain
pregnancy/prenatal period, 48
spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95,104
visual perception, other, 96
Performance, see Physical performance
Pertussis, 146
Pharmaceuticals, 25-26,117, 118-130, 231-
238
see also Drug metabolism; Food and
Drug Administration
analgesics, 105-109, 110
antihypertensive therapies, 74
bone loss, 140-141
clinical studies, 108, 127,130
coronary heart disease, 158, 170, 171
definitional issues, 118, 242
estrogen replacement therapy, 73, 103,
152, 157, 165
hormone treatment, general, 16
infectious diseases, 148
Pharmacodynamics, 118,119,127, 231
defined, 242
Pharmacokinetics, 118,119,124,125, 127,
231, 237
defined, 242
Phenotypes, 6, 17, 19, 21, 28, 32, 42, 43, 44,
46, 80
see also Sex determination and
differentiation
behavior and perception, 79-116
defined, 242
inflammation and immunity, 143,144
radios, 29
Physical activity, 132,137-138
immune response, 145
obesity, 134
osteoporosis, 130
Physical performance, 130, 137-138
motor skills, 86, 87-88,128
strength, gross motor, 86,130
Physiological factors, 1, 2, 7,14, 15,19, 233-
238
INDEX
see also Metabolism
sex and gender defined, 18
Pituitary gland
immune response, 145
prenatal period, 59, 62
puberty, 64
Placenta, 49, 58, 131
Platelets, 74,168, 236
Pneumococcal infection, 146
Polycystic ovary syndrome, 70
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 130
Preeclampsia, 166
Pregnancy/prenatal period, 2-3, 5-6, 16, 24,
25, 45-46, 48-62, 77, 78, 181
androgen, 52, 55, 60, 89, 90-94
animal models, 48
autoimmune diseases, 152
behavioral effects, 79-80, 89-90
body weight, 131
calcium diversion from mother, 139
cognitive development, 79
coronary heart disease, 158, 161, 166,
167, 171
diabetes of, 167
disease and disorders, general, 4849,
79-80
embryos, 22, 37, 41, 42, 47, 50, 55, 96
environmental factors, 45, 48, 49, 70
hormones, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55-56,
58-59, 60, 79-80, 89-95, 146, 152
hypertension, 166
immune response, 143,144,147,152
melanoma, 141
metabolism, 49
nutrition, 49, 70
ovaries, organogenesis, 51, 54, 55, 58-59
pituitary gland, 59, 62
placenta, 49, 58, 131
postnatal stress, 107
protein binding, 123-124
sex determination/differentiation, 45,
46, 51-55, 95
steroids, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-59
testes, organogenesis, 34, 35, 45-46, 50-
51, 54, 55-58, 60
testosterone, 48, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60-61, 62,
91-92
Professional education, interdisciplinary,
182
Progesterone, 113-114, 121-122,136, 235
Progestins, 72
Prostate gland, 62
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INDEX
Proteins
binding, 123-124,127, 128
digestion, 122
energy storage and metabolism, 131
genetic encoding, 29, 35
inflammation and immunity, 143
lipoproteins, 114,123-124,136,160, 162,
163, 164, 178, 238
prepubertal period, 65
sex determination, 53
Pseudoautosomal region, 33, 34, 35, 42
Psychological factors, see Behavioral
factors; Cognitive factors; Mental
illness
Psychomotor skills, see Motor skills
Puberty, 45, 62, 64-72, 77
androgen, 63, 68-69
behavior, 45, 70-72
brain/cognition, 71
energy requirements, 132
estradiol, 65, 67-68
estrogen, 64, 65, 68, 71, 72
growth spurt, 62, 66, 67-68, 69
hormones, 45, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66-71, 72
language development, 71
ovaries, 68, 70
pituitary gland, 64
race/ethnicity, 65-66
secondary sex characteristics, 62, 65, 66,
67, 69, 71
social factors, 71-72
testes, 66, 67, 68
testosterone, 65, 66, 68, 71
Public education, 2,15
Public Health Service, 24, 25
Pulmonary tract, 122-123
Q
Quantitative abilities, 86, 88-89,104
R
Race/ethnicity, 20, 23, 25,128,184
see also specific groups
body composition, military standards
138
coronary heart disease, 161, 162, 163,
165-166, 170
Food and drug Administration, drug
applications, 175
265
obesity, 134, 135
osteoporosis, 138
puberty, 65-66
Reading ability, 99-104
dyslexia, 71,100, 101-102
Regulatory issues, 24-26,181
see also Food and Drug Administration
animal research, 6, 78,181
institutional review boards, 181
Renal system, 60,123,125-127, 128, 140, 235
Reproductive system, ix, 1,15,19
see also Embryos; Fertility; Menstrual
cycle; Oocytes; Ovaries;
Pregnancy/prenatal period;
Testes
body size and composition, 130
coronary heart disease and, 172
pain and reproductive status, 105,107,
108
Research recommendations, 2-11, 21-26, 44,
78, 104, 115-116, 127-128, 172,
173-184
Rheumatic diseases, 106,123,142,148,150-
154 (passim)
Ribosomes, 35
Rubella, 146, 148
S
Scleroderma, 147, 151
Secondary sex characteristics, 45, 50
breasts, 66, 72, 79,180
menopause, 72
puberty, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71
Serotonin, 83,130, 137, 235, 237
Sertoli cells, 51, 52, 56, 60
Setraline, 130
Sex, defined, 7-8, 10, 11, 13(n.2), 17-19,173,
174-176, 231, 240, 242
Sex determination and differentiation, 2, 5,
15, 34, 44, 4647, 50-62, 63, 93, 97,
115, 174, 233-238
see also Secondary sex characteristics
abnormal, 50
androgen, 52, 55, 60, 80
animal models, 46, 4748, 51, 54, 59, 80-
81
autosomes, 50, 51, 54
behavioral factors, 6, 18
body composition, 131
defined, 50
diseases related to, 54, 63, 83-84,115
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gender identity, 6, 7, 8, 13(n.2), 15, 17-
18, 79, 83-84
hormones, 50, 51, 54, 55-59
prenatal period, 45, 46, 51-55, 95
psychosexual differentiation, 80-83; see
also "gender identity" supra
secondary sex characteristics, 45, 50, 62,
65,66,67,70,71
SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57
testicular organogenesis, 34, 35, 4546,
55-58
transcription, 51, 53, 55
Sexual activity, exposure to toxins, 142-143
Skeletal system, see Bone
Skin, 231
melanoma, 130, 140-142
menopause, 72
pharmaceuticals, 122
scleroderma, 147, 151
toxins, exposure to, 142-143
Sleep, 144, 236
Smoking, 140, 143, 236
coronary heart disease, 162-163
menopause, early, 162
Socioeconomic status, 16
Sociological factors, xx, 2, 3, 14, 15, 21
adulthood, 72
body composition, 130
cultural factors, 80, 84, 147
family relations, 71
parental factors, 2-3, 16
gender identity, 8, 17-18, 94
hormones and, 93
infectious diseases, 147, 148
inflammation and immunity, 143, 144
melanoma, 141
obesity, 134
puberty, 71-72
toxins, exposure to, 143
Somatic cells, 4, 31, 37, 38, 44
Spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104
Spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42
animal models, sex determination/
differentiation, 47
Spina bifida, 49
SRY gene, 34, 50-51, 53, 54, 55, 56-57
Stem cells, 41, 56
Steroids
pain, 107-108
prenatal period, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58-59
Strength, gross motor, 86, 130
Stress, 75, 77, 107
INDEX
coronary heart disease, 161, 165
immune response, 145
Synapses, 81, 83
T
Testes
organogenesis, 34, 35, 4546, 50-51, 54,
55-58, 60
psychosexual differentiation, 80-81
puberty, 66, 67, 68
spermatogenesis, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41,
42,47
Testosterone, 46, 234, 238
adulthood, 73
behavioral effects, 93
brain, 82
pain perception, 107
prenatal period, 48, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60-61,
62, 91-92
puberty, 65, 66, 68, 71
Therapeutic index, 118, 242
Thyroid gland, 22, 123, 140, 142, 149, 150,
154-155, 156-157, 158
Tobacco use, see Smoking
Toxic agents, xix, 3, 7, 23, 143, 150-151, 170
coronary heart disease, 159
Transcription, 38
sex determination, 51, 53, 55
X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33,
36, 37-39, 44
Transgenic animals, 43, 51, 54, 78, 82, 114,
154, 156-159
Transmission ratio distortion, 42
Triiodothyronine, 67
Trypanosomiasis, 149
Tuberculosis, 149
Turner syndrome, 63
Twins, 48
V
Vaccines, see Immunization
Verbal abilities, see Language factors
Viral infections, 146, 147, 148
immunization, 23, 145-146, 148, 154-155
Visual perception, 96
spatial abilities, 88, 92, 95, 104
Vitamins, 170
vitamin A, 148
vitamin D, 139
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INDEX
W
Weight, see Body weight; Obesity
White persons, see Caucasians
Wolffian ducts, 55, 60, 61
Women and Health Research, 182
267
Women's Health: NIH Has Increased Its
Efforts to Include Women in
Research, 175,177, 178
World Health Organization, 18
X
X-chromosome inactivation, 28, 31, 33, 36,
37-39, 44
Representative terms from entire chapter:
coronary heart
