NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Engineering. and Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other
than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report
Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy
of Sciences. National Academy of Engineering. and Institute of
Medicine.
This study was supported by the Comparative Medicine Program. National Center for Research Resources the Interagency Research Animal Committee. and the Office for Protection from Research Risks. National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and the Department of Veterans Affairs. The grant was awarded by the Comparative Medicine Program. National Center for Research Resources. and all agency funding was provided under grant NIH RR08779-02.
Core support is provided to the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources by the Comparative Medicine Program. National Center for Research Resources. National Institutes of Health. through grant number 5P4ORRO137; the National Science Foundation through grant number BIR-9024967; the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. which serves as the lead agency for combined U.S. Department of Defense funding also received from the Human Systems Division of the U.S. Air Force Systems Command. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. and U.S. Naval Medical Research and Development Command. through grant number DAMDl7-93-J-3016; and by Research Project Grant #RC-l-34 from the American Cancer Society.
Any opinions. findings. and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily
reflect the views of DHHS or other sponsors, nor does the mention
of trade names. commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement
by the U.S. government or other sponsors.
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The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members. sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and upon its own initiative to identify issues of medical care. research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established
by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad
community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes
of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning
in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy,
the Council has become the principal operating agency of both
the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering
in the conduct of their services to the government, the public.
and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Brnce Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice-chairman,
respectively, of the National Research Council.
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