Underground Mine Disaster Survival and Rescue An Evaluation of Research Accomplishments and Needs (1981) / Chapter Skim
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CONSIDERATIONS PERTAINING TO GOVERNMENT SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CONSIDERATIONS PERTAINING TO GOVERNMENT SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pages 85-94
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From page 85... ...
First is the nature of the R&D path from initial identification of a need, a problem, or an opportunity, through the somewhat overlapping activities of broad-ranging basic research, objective-oriented exploratory research, project-oriented technological or applied research, specific product development, and finally, implementation of R&D results. Second is the difference between R&D conducted by the private sector where success is measurable in terms of sales, profits, or other economic considerations, and R&D conducted by government to benefit the public welfare, where the object is improved health and safety, environmental protection, or other similar goals that are not readily measured in economic terms.
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From page 86... ...
Second, and closely allied to this, is exploratory research -- research that is oriented toward a specific objective, but is nevertheless open-ended and not tied to specific project objectives. Third is technological research, also called applied research, objective-oriented research, or product-oriented research.
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From page 87... ...
o Implementation; All the steps necessary to bring the new idea to the point of being a marketable product, or to put it into operational use, are undertaken. From this perspective, basic and exploratory research usually play a major role in "stimulus," while technological research and development, along with such non-research processes as market development, production, quality control, advertising, sales, and service, all fall under "implementation." The sequence, along with the relative emphasis of the roles of the research scientist, development engineer, and production manager, is illustrated schematically in Figure 5.1.
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From page 88... ...
Research Scientist Development Engineer Production Manager Basic Exploratory Applied research research research Development Production Stimulus H Conception -\ Proposal, Adoption , Implementation t Figure 5.1 Schematic illustration of the R&D process and the relative roles of the scientist, engineer and production manager -88
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From page 89... ...
In allocating resources for the R&D needed to implement these laws and regulations, a legislative or administrative decision is made concerning the level of funding that will be devoted to a particular program and this, rather than market considerations, dictates the economics of the effort. Moreover, whereas in industry R&D and production are often internal to one organization, government R&D addressing health and safety usually involves government doing the research, private manufacturers producing the equipment, and mine operators purchasing and using the equipment.
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From page 90... ...
There are a number of organizations representing, in different ways, the different points of view that arise due to the diverse nature of the mining industry. These organizations include the American Mining Congress, Bituminous Coal Operators Association, National Coal Association, National Independent Coal Operators Association, and National Crushed Stone Association.
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From page 91... ...
From a human factors aspect, the equipment must be totally unobjectionable to the miner. Frequent inputs from industry, unions, manufacturers, and life support R&D efforts in other agencies must be sought and incorporated in the development effort to ensure that these design criteria are met and that the resulting product is accepted.
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From page 92... ...
The important design considerations are the physiological needs of persons working in an extremely hostile environment. Primary areas of concern are system weight, system bulk, operating time, human factors and system performance.
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From page 93... ...
Since the research outcomes have applications to rescue and recovery efforts in all parts of the world, and there are centers of research in many countries, information exchange to and from such centers will facilitate coordinated efforts. However, it is worthy of special note here that different countries have different societal demands, and these are usually reflected in their mine safety regulations.
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From page 94... ...
in actual use in a carbon monoxide environment, requires development of a training simulator that at least approaches the temperatures achieved in emergency use.
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